list of boiler explosions

Most likely, in all cases, the explosions are due to the sudden generation of a large quantity of steam and not to an excessive pressure produced gradually.When an explosion occurs, the enormous force of the . The usual cause of firebox collapses is that the boiler water level falls too low and the top of the firebox (crown sheet) becomes uncovered and overheats. A boiler is a tanker's heart, because it generates the power and the steam needed . If present, the steam will literally cut the wood. He also established experimentally that the hoop stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel like a boiler was twice the longitudinal stress. Another type of explosion is caused by superheated liquid. This sequence of events spells split-second disaster. A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. It is essential to regularly check and maintain the wear and tear of boilers, failing which, may lead to a boiler explosion. [16][17] Eventually the simple lap seam was replaced by the single or double butt-strap seams, which do not suffer from this defect. Such failures are caused by corrosion of vital parts, failure of safety valves, or low water levels. These typically have better quality and fewer issues than boilers which are site assembled tube-by-tube. If a large crack or other opening in the boiler vessel allows the internal pressure to drop very suddenly, the heat energy remaining in the water will cause even more of the liquid to flash into steam bubbles, which then rapidly displace the remaining liquid. There are two types of boiler explosions. The reactor did not explode, nor did the vessel rupture. Initially built as saturated, from 1910 to 1914, they were equipped with superheated boilers. Using water-filled tubes in a metal tank or enclosure, they create power by converting water into steam through thermal energy, which is used to power equipment. The rapid release of steam and water can provide a very potent blast, and cause great damage to surrounding property or personnel. Oil fumes, natural gas, propane, coal, or any other fuel can build up inside the combustion chamber. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. It produced the most famous locomotive of its day, 4468 'Mallard', the holder of the world steam locomotive speed record. Operating personnel neglecting the proper guidelines and regular maintenance cause the risk of boiler explosion. 0-7153-8305-1 . Pressure Vessel Failure Most often, rusting or overheating are what cause pressure vessel failure. There are four major categories of catastrophic failure which exists in the boiler itself. Later that day, tugboats pushed the Iwo Jima back into port. GET IN TOUCH It was the train crew that was almost always killed. House of Commons . Everyone stops moving immediately. In response to a brewery explosion, a private society is founded to offer boiler inspections to its members. Inner corrosion of the boiler plates is another primary reason a boiler will explode or suffer a catastrophic failure. Ignition failure, improper gas lines, or loose valves leads to combustion gas buildup in the high-temperature vessel. Book: Great Britain. People in the same building or on a nearby sidewalk or parking lot can be injured or killed. One involves failure of the pressure vessel and the second results from improper fuel combustion. On one hand, they rarely are inspected for proper mechanical performance and structural integrity. Normally, there are two types of boiler explosions: a furnace's fuel or air explosion and the failure of the pressure of the steam and watersides. Parts of the firebox in contact with full steam pressure have to be kept covered with water, to stop them overheating and weakening. This may be due to one of two causes: Either the boiler is not strong enough to safely carry its proper working pressure, or else the pressure has been allowed to rise above the usual point by the sticking of the safety valves, or some similar cause"[4]. BOILER ACCESSORIES, THERMIC FLUID HEATERS & SPECIALTY FABRICATION. The result is devastating damage to anything in the vicinity. The Midland Railway 2511 Class was a class of 2-6-0 steam locomotives built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works in the United States, as a supplemental order to the 2501 Class built by Baldwin that same year. 2015 All rights reserved. Another way to look at this 300,000 foot-pound figure is that it equals the explosive force of 0.16 pounds of nitroglycerin. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for List of boiler explosions . One official Records report mentions the disaster reports 10 killed and 68 injured;[22] a later report mentions that 27 were killed and 78 wounded. "[6], Boiler explosions are common in sinking ships once the hot boiler touches cold sea water, as the sudden cooling of the hot metal causes it to crack; for instance, when the SSBenlomond was torpedoed by a U-boat, the torpedoes and resulting boiler explosion caused the ship to go down in two minutes, leaving Poon Lim as the only survivor in a complement of 54 crew.[7][8]. A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. Tragically, a total of 127 people have lost their lives as the result of boiler and pressure vessel accidents during the past 10 years. SS Ada Hancock, a small steamboat used to transfer passengers and cargo to and from the large coastal steamships that stopped in San Pedro Harbor in the early 1860s, suffered disaster when its boiler exploded violently in San Pedro Bay, the port of Los Angeles, near Wilmington, California on April 27, 1863 killing twenty-six people and injuring many others of the fifty-three or more passengers on board. Instead, the length of wood indicates the area of the leak or, preferably, the clear path around the leak and the personnel can be shown a path to safety. In this case, when the hot-water heater is connected to the city water supply on one . Usually, in a steam boiler, water is heated to produce steam that is stored in the boiler chamber. The Trend of Boiler/Pressure Vessel Incidents: On the Decline? The steam is under immense pressure that requires precise operating methods to prevent boiler explosion. Steam boilers are an integral asset in any manufacturing and processing unit. The National Board is conspicuously aware of the explosion hazard of boilers and pressure vessels. | Karen/ Deficiency of strength in steam boilers may be due to original defects, bad workmanship, deterioration from use or mismanagement. A several-ounce "slug" of water passing through a steam line at high velocity and striking a 90-degree elbow can instantly fracture a fitting that is otherwise capable of handling several times the normal static pressure. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport , and stationary power. -Dana Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007. Here the resulting vapor explosion occurs when a liquid transforms quickly into a gas, causing a rapid pressure increase. If steam is released normally, say by opening a throttle valve, the bubbling action of the water remains moderate and relatively dry steam can be drawn from the highest point in the vessel. The effect of the force from the explosion is often much greater than the boiler combustion chamber can withstand. The Causes of Boiler Explosions* The Majority of Accidents are Traceable to Poor Design and Careless Operation BROADLY speaking, there is one explanation for all boiler explosions; namely, the boiler or some part of it is too weak to withstand the stress brought upon it. So when water or a similar dense liquid that normally needs one cubic foot for containment suddenly needs 1,600 cubic feet, explosion occurs. To learn more about our products and services, visit www.rakhoh.com, Your email address will not be published. 0112300. Regular visual inspection, internally and externally, is employed to prevent this. Secondary Low-Water Fuel Cutoff Probe: Is It as Safe as You Think? -Staten Island Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871. This can greatly enlarge the original rupture, or tear the shell in two.[11]. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. Read more about the accident inside the article. The annual number of deaths has seesawed over the past 10 years (see Figure 1), with the only sustained downward trend over three years taking . Flight Propulsion Laboratory Department, General Electric Company, Idaho Falls, Idaho", "Small model boiler explosion video Home Model Engine Machinist", "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. The key to a high pressure boiler is the amount of . It occurs when the pressure range of the vessel is affected. There are two primary reasons that commonly cause boiler explosions. ", For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:53. The Greatest Maritime Disaster in U.S. History Date Published: Jan 18, 2011 Author: Debbie Sniderman Tags: About ASME Water Transportation The boiler explosion of the Mississippi River Steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865 caused one of the 100 deadliest fires ever and claimed more lives than the Titanic. If the boiler contains liquid water, at a temp above it's natural boiling point, additional energy is released as it flashes into steam and rapidly expands. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. And that is exactly what the National Board views as a primary goal. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. -Staten Island Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871. Instead of the normal "roar" of the fire, a rhythmic series of "thumps" and flashes of fire below the grate and through the firedoor indicate that the combustion of the fuel is proceeding through a rapid series of detonations, caused by an inappropriate air/fuel mixture with regard to the level of draft available. In addition, the construction must adhere to strict engineering guidelines set by the relevant authorities. The record of explosions presented to the Institution contains a list of the boiler explosions in each year of the present century, as far as known to the writer, with the names of the places, and the description and sizes of the boilers, and the supposed cause of explosion, together with references to the books or papers from which further A Boiler: The Explosive Potential of a Bomb, Acoustic Emission Examination of Metal Pressure Vessels, Anatomy of a Catastrophic Boiler Accident, Black Liquor Recovery Boilers - An Introduction, Boiler Efficiency and Steam Quality: The Challenge of Creating Quality Steam Using Existing Boiler Efficiencies, Boiler/Burner Combustion Air Supply Requirements and Maintenance, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Preventable With Complete Inspection, Combustion Air Requirements:The Forgotten Element In Boiler Rooms, Description of Construction and Inspection Procedure for Steam Locomotive and Fire Tube Boilers, Ensuring Safe Operation Of Vessels With Quick-Opening Closures, Factors Affecting Inservice Cracking of Weld Zone in Corrosive Service, Finite Element Analysis of Pressure Vessels, Identifying Pressure Vessel Nozzle Problems, Inspection, Repair, and Alteration of Yankee Dryers, Maintaining Proper Boiler Inspections Through Proper Relationships, Organizing A Vessel, Tank, and Piping Inspection Program, Paper Machine Failure Investigation: Inspection Requirements Should Be Changed For Dryer Can, Pipe Support Performance as It Applies to Power Plant Safety and Reliability, Polymer Use for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, Preventing Steam/Condensate System Accidents, Proper Boiler Care Makes Good Business Sense: Safety Precautions for Drycleaning Businesses. The next day the boiler of the tow-boat Baltic exploded in Mobile Bay, killing and fatally injuring several people. It results in boiler explosion along with leakage of gases throughout the process plant. Undoubtedly, one of the most important failures that proved the need for Boiler Laws was the boiler explosion that occurred at the Grover Shoe Factory in Brockton, Massachusetts on March 10, 1905. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway(L&YR)class8 was a four-cylinder 4-6-0 express passenger locomotive designed by George Hughes introduced in 1908. Early examples were spring-loaded, but John Ramsbottom invented a tamper-proof valve which was universally adopted. " When the [discharge] valve was suddenly opened at a pressure of 235 pounds [235psi or 1,620kPa] the boiler gave way, the iron being twisted and torn into fragments and thrown in all directions. Boiler explosions are destructive failures of steam boilers. Boiler explosions can result from a number of factors. [15] It was eventually found that this internal corrosion could be reduced by using plates of sufficient size so that no joints were situated below the water level. At least eight killed, 15 injured in boiler explosion at chemical factory in UP's Hapur At least eight workers died and 15 were injured when a boiler exploded at a chemical factory in western Uttar Pradesh's Hapur district on Saturday afternoon, police said. The explosion of the steamboat Sultana's boiler in 1865 was the cause of the largest loss of life in US maritime history. The rarefaction wave moves within the vessel and the resulting compression wave violently forces the liquid particles out through the vessel breach. These boiler explosions were not unusual in the early days of steam power when serious accidents occurred on steamships, on locomotives and in factories. The Pennsylvania was a side wheeler steamboat which suffered a boiler explosion in the Mississippi River and sank at Ship Island near Memphis, Tennessee, on June 13, 1858. YouTube Encyclopedic 1/5 Views: 2 491 1 206 278 589 25 305 12 389 Tsunami2 Diesel Decoder Setup & Operation (Webinar 11) -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. Newton Abbot . Check the flame failure detection system. The last three of the latter batch were soon rebuilt as 0-4-2ST crane tanks. List of locomotive boiler explosions In 1828, the boiler of Locomotive No.1 exploded, killing the driver. A chemical explosion is a result of applying an external force to a chemical compound which causes the compound to undergo a structural change, releasing high amounts of heat and gas. -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. These individuals will ensure that the boiler and all boiler . However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. The Use of Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy in Clinical Hyberbaric Medicine, Thermally Induced Stress Cycling (Thermal Shock) in Firetube Boilers, Top Ten Boiler and Combustion Safety Issues to Avoid, Typical Improper Repairs of Safety Valves, Wasted Superheat Converted to Hot, Sanitary Water, Water Maintenance Essential to Prevent Boiler Scaling, Welding Consideration for Pressure Relief Valves. List of boiler explosions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article contains a list of steam boiler explosionssuch as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. For most of this century, the public, law enforcement agencies, emergency response teams, and industry standards groups have looked to the National Board for assistance in setting guidelines for boiler safety. [13] ; Series 1 Volume 52 (Part I)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiler_explosion&oldid=1133939246, Bartrip, P.W.J. The majority of locomotive explosions are firebox explosions caused by such crown sheet uncovering.[21]. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. It is noteworthy that 122 of these were in the 19th century and only 15 in the 20th century. Improved design and maintenance almost totally eliminated the first type, but the second type is always possible if the engineer and fireman do not maintain the water level in the boiler. Fuel combustion explosions often take place due to failure in burners. It is a result of the boiler operating on very low water conditions. Boston Stamping Company, under Seavey & Co. Hemingway Paint & Colour Manufacturers boiler explosion, British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), IMechE formed, emphasizing the importance of specialized mechanical knowledge, particularly with respect to steam power (i.e., see also. We also provide excellent boiler services like energy audit, steam trap assessment, boiler automation, annual maintenance contract, etc. [notes 1] Such investigations helped him and others explain the importance of stress concentrations in weakening boilers. Frontline Worker Pay website|Payment FAQs, program report, tax return information. Another US Civil War Steamboat explosion was the Steamer Eclipse on January 27, 1865, which was carrying members of the 9th Indiana Artillery. All of this is due to the power unleashed in a shock wave of energy as the pressure vessel explodes. They were held to the outer part of the boiler by stays (numerous small supports). The boiler barrel failures occurred at Cardiff in 1909 and Buxton in 1921; both were caused by misassembly of the safety valves causing the boilers to exceed their design pressures. This theory hypothesized that low water allowed a boiler plate to be exposed to the fire, overheat and turn red hot. Firebox explosions in solid-fuel-fired boilers are rare, but firebox explosions in gas or oil-fired boilers are still a potential hazard. -Givaudan Corporation, Delawanna Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey: Portable Fire Tube Boiler Explosion (1990s). One of those areas of concern is the actual force generated by explosive failure and how best to increase public awareness and safety practices to control this explosive potential. Before materials science, inspection standards, and quality control caught up with the rapidly growing boiler manufacturing industry, a significant number of boiler explosions were directly traceable to poor design, workmanship, and undetected flaws in poor quality materials. The Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 45 class is a class of eleven 2-2-2 steam locomotives designed in 1865, an enlarged version of his 40 class intended for express passenger duties. A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. The M&GN Class C was a class of 4-4-0 steam tender locomotives of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. Email: enquiry@rakhoh.com, RAKHOH BOILERS View photos and incident reports belowthat detail boiler and air tank explosions from across the country: Loy-Lange Box Company catastrophic pressure vessel failure, Download a National Board Incident Report Form, Espaol School Boiler Maintenance Programs: How Safe Are The Children? box manufacturer ultimately resulted in three deaths in April, 2017. On the 24th ult. For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see Hale . -St Mary's Hospital, Pennington Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey: Cleaver Brooks boiler Explosion 7/15/2006. Required fields are marked *. The NBR 224 and 420 Classes consisted of six steam locomotives of the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement built by the North British Railway (NBR) in 1871 and 1873. SaveryExplosion[1] 1716 Industrial United Kingdom 1 Brunton's Mechanical Traveller[2] July 31, 1815 Locomotive United Kingdom Philadelphia, Tyne and Wear 16 The Washington[3] 1816 Marine (Civilian) United States Marietta, Ohio 12 5 The Aetna[3] May 15, 1824 Marine (Civilian) United States New York City, New York 10 40 In a fraction of a second, as hot water flashes to steam, everything turns to darkness and destruction. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. Modern boilers are designed with redundant pumps, valves, water level monitors, fuel cutoffs, automated controls, and pressure relief valves. In steam locomotive boilers, as knowledge was gained by trial and error in early days, the explosive situations and consequent damage due to explosions were inevitable. The Colliery Engineers Company (1900) Locomotive Boilers (I.C.S. They decide not to follow the. A fast-moving mass of water carries a great deal of kinetic energy (from the expanding steam), and in collision with the shell of the boiler results in a violent destructive effect. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. Several operational situations can bring on the violent, deafening blasts that result when a buildup of pressure is suddenly released. When this amount of explosive force is unleashed in a basement or utility closet, the shock wave created by the explosion carries dirt, debris, ceiling, pipe, darkness, and burning temperatures in all directions with tremendous force. Let us understand some of the causes of explosion in detail: Pressure vessel failure is usually caused by rusting or overheating of metal by low water levels or excess scale formation. It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV. The Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 52 class was a class of six 0-4-0 steam goods locomotives designed in 1864, by Patrick Stirling. T +9120 - 66308333/ 66308340, Mobile no : +91 97654 92017 A few somehow managed to escape the steam-filled boiler room, only to suffer for a few additional hours before finally succumbing. The boiler explosion that caused the Grover Shoe Factory disaster in Brockton, Massachusetts on March 10, 1905 resulted in 58 deaths and 117 injuries, and inspired the state of Massachusetts to publish its first boiler laws in 1908. The other common cause of explosions was internal corrosion which weakened the boiler barrel so that it could not withstand normal operating pressure. Melt down This is a result of the heating surface metal reaching its melting point. 0111400. THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE EXPLOSION: A SOCIO-HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF A TRAGEDY BY FARRELL L. TUCKER INTRODUCTION The following is an examination of the circumstances surrounding the great locomotive boiler explosion that occurred at the Southern Pacific Roundhouse in San Antonio, Texas. Precautions INFOGRAPHICS is embedded in the post to use as safety Manual. +9120 - 66308333 +91 97654 92017 140985.01. A large explosion occurred at a Kleen Energy Systems 620-megawatt, Siemens combined cycle gas- and oil- fired power plant in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. The second type is the collapse of the firebox under steam pressure from the adjoining boiler, releasing flames and hot gases into the cab. However, in the SL1 example the pressure was released by the forced ejection of control rods which allowed the steam to be vented. [23] Fox's Regimental Losses reports 29 killed. Inspect the temperature interlock or high steam pressure. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of boiler explosions". The state and the steam boiler in Britain, Winship, I.R. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Whole houses can be leveled. 1983 . There ha. This type of failure is not limited to railway engines, as locomotive-type boilers have been used for traction engines, portable engines, skid engines used for mining or logging, stationary engines for sawmills and factories, for heating, and as package boilers providing steam for other processes. When this occurs in a closed vessel, as the liquid accidentally heats above its boiling point, the frantic and almost instantaneous physics of the system trying to re-establish equilibrium can result in explosion. Summary:This article was originally published in theWinter 1996 National Board BULLETIN. In particular, grooves could occur along horizontal seams (lap joints) below water level. Also a reminder of the expansive power of steam. Number of explosion incidents, by container type U.S. 2019 Number of explosive attacks, by area in 2013 Share of people who agree the world has become more dangerous by country 2018 The Hull Paragon Rail accident was a rail crash that took place at Hull Paragon railway station. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. | Hmoob It can then be understood that a few hundred, or even a few thousand pounds of water moving at the same velocity inside a boiler shell can easily blow out a tube sheet, collapse a firebox, even toss the entire boiler a surprising distance through reaction as the water exits the boiler, like the recoil of a heavy cannon firing a ball. (Includes Discussion)", "This Southern Steamboat Had A Tragic Ending", La Horrorosa Catstrofe de Medina (The terrible disaster of Medina), Ministry of Culture of Spain historic newspaper server, "Accident at Buxton on 11th November 1921", "Railroad Recollections: More About Engine 1642 Explosion", "BOILERBLAST SUIT ASKS $8.2 MILLION; 10 Sue in '62 Phone Building Explosion Fatal to 23", "Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad Near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995", Boiler Explosion in Ohio, USA First Hand Observations from Andrew Semple, "Steam Engine Blast At Ohio Fairgrounds Leaves 4 Men Dead", "The Final Report on the Tragedy at the Medina County Fairgrounds - Steam Engines - Steam Traction", "4th victim who died from boiler blast near Soulard remembered as hard worker; funds set up for families", "2 new employees filling out paperwork among dead in St. Louis boiler explosion", Midland Railway 363 (ex Bristol and Gloucester Railway 7. Other common causes of boiler explosions include: Faulty pressure relief valves Low water levels Boilerplate corrosion Boiler Explosions can be Catastrophic When a boiler explodes, this can result in devastating consequences for property and any person in the vicinity of the incident. 3. A vessel without power is known as a dead ship. Several accounts of the SL-1 experimental reactor accident vividly describe the incredibly powerful effect of water hammer on a pressure vessel: "The expansion caused by this heating process caused water hammer as water was accelerated upwards toward the reactor vessel head, producing approximately 10,000 pounds per square inch (69,000 kPa) of pressure on the head of the reactor vessel when water struck the head at 160 feet per second (50m/s) This extreme form of water hammer propelled control rods, shield plugs, and the entire reactor vessel upward. September 29, 2015. Maharashtra, India. Such failures are caused by corrosion of vital parts, failure of safety valves, or low water levels. Galvanic corrosion was an additional problem where copper and iron were in contact. Welding Symbols: A Useful System or Undecipherable Hieroglyphics? That incident resulted in 58 deaths and 117 injuries and completely leveled the factory. If steam is released more quickly, the more vigorous boiling action that results can throw a fine spray of droplets up as "wet steam" which can cause damage to piping, engines, turbines and other equipment downstream. If neglected, corrosion and scaling cause weakening of boiler metal and the welds that seal the tank. A common cause of explosion is the runaway firing condition that takes place when the boiler's burner does not shut off. The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) produced several classes of locomotive, mostly to the designs of Nigel Gresley, characterised by a three-cylinder layout with a parallel boiler and round-topped firebox. Over the years, various estimates of the potential energy of a boiler or pressure-vessel explosion have been presented, with the intent of demonstrating the danger of this equipment if not properly maintained. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. Instead, the tank will take the pressure. Inspections were rare, and operating guidelines almost nonexistent. Boiler explosion! Explosion depends on how the vessel fails, when it fails, and how close people or properties are when the rupture occurs. April 1865 was a significant month in our nation's history. Locomotive Boiler Explosion . Then, when water struck the plate, it instantly turned to steam over pressurizing the boiler and resulting in an explosion. Preventing catastrophic failure of any boiler or pressure vessel has always been a concern of the National Board. There are many causes contributing to such weakness, . A steam locomotive operating at 350psi (2,400kPa) would have a temperature of about 225C (437F), and a specific enthalpy of 963.7kJ/kg (437.1kJ/lb). The massive destruction caused is an example of what. -St Mary's Hospital, Pennington Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey: Cleaver Brooks boiler Explosion 7/15/2006. It also built the world-famous 4472 'Flying Scotsman'. The first is the breakage of the boiler barrel itself, through weakness/damage or excessive internal pressure, resulting in sudden discharge of steam over a wide area. Of the 13 firebox collapses, four were due to broken stays, one to scale buildup on the firebox, and the rest were due to low water level. A steam explosion can occur in any kind of a water heater, where a sufficient amount of energy is delivered and the steam created exceeds the strength of the vessel. These locomotives were well known for their work North of Leeds, over the demanding Settle and Carlisle route.

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