how was the development of cuba and of haiti different

The capital is Port-au-Prince. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reflects the value and productivity of an economy. The Citadel (Citadelle Laferrire), a fortress built by Haitian ruler Henry Christophe in the early 19th century, stands atop one of the peaks overlooking the city of Cap-Hatien and the narrow coastal plain. Sustainable development: The path to economic growth in Cuba - Brookings Cuba tourist visa is required for Haitian citizens. ), total population: 79.87 yearsmale: 77.53 yearsfemale: 82.35 years (2023 est. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. The two countries share warm relations, and Cuban doctors over the last 20 years have literally saved thousands of Haitian lives working in clinics in far-flung places in the mountainous country. The countrys total water area, summing up all inland waters: lakes, rivers, reservoirs, wetlands, etc. )carbon dioxide emissions: 28.28 megatons (2016 est. 4.7 million Haitians - nearly half the population - do not have enough to eat and 1.8 million are highly food insecure. U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean | International Encyclopedia of the After all, how long would it take for the slaves in the South to copy the Haitian revolution and upend the status quo in the United States? Jamaica is some 120 miles (190 km) west of the southern peninsula . Guyana . Human Development Index | Human Development Reports Poverty, corruption, vulnerability to natural . Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. How was the development of Cuba and Haiti similar and different - BRAINLY Download latest HDI dataset. By continuing to browse our site, you agree to our use of cookies. SLE includes primary to tertiary education. Moody's rating: Caa2 (2014)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. The average life expectancy at birth is the number of years that the population of a country is expected to live. Cuba is one of the last-remaining communist countries in the world, and has endured decades of trade embargoes imposed by the United States, cutting off its access to essential supplies. Your email address will not be published. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Cuba lies some 50 miles (80 km) west of Haiti's northern peninsula, across the Windward Passage, a strait connecting the Atlantic to the Caribbean. Cuba leads the way in international solidarity. )note: data are in 2016 US dollars, $93.79 billion (2017 est. Since Hurricane Georges, Cuba has sent medical aid to Haiti in the form of doctors, education and medical supplies. Can Cuba beat COVID with its homegrown vaccines? republic with two legislative houses (Senate [30]; Chamber of Deputies [99]), Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Haiti, Haiti - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Haiti - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Disgraced ex-Haitian soccer president announces he's back, Ex-UN official: Haitians must be part of solution to chaos, Canada to deploy navy vessels to Haiti as violence worsens, US arrests 4 tied to assassination of Haitian president, Correction: Haiti-US-Stalled Adoptions story. Another setback on Spains part was the reconcentrado policy Valeriano Weyler which brought about 400,000 rural Cubans into cities to try and keep control. School life expectancy (SLE) represents the number of years of schooling that children are expected to complete. Bonaparte was also able to get a large number of France troops to the island and he claimed that slavery would remain abolished. The surrounding seas are renowned for their coral reefs. Under the dictatorship of Toussaint it was unclear who his loyalty was to, and thus he was unseated from power no longer after he gained it.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',106,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-106{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. While Cuba had Castro, we had the Duvaliers and as a staunch capitalist, I will take Castro over Duvalier. The total length of the navigable inland bodies of water. Required fields are marked *. Haiti and Cuba: Help for those hit hardest by Hurricane Sandy Explore similarities and differences. However, he attempt to disarm the population and the growing fear of the reinstatement of slavery led to another revolt in Saint Domingue from 1798 to 1804 By the beginning of 1804 Saint Domingue had won its independence and in doing so renamed itself, becoming the nation of Haiti with Dessalines in charge. A rapid decline began and the country has been led by a series of right wing miscreants and sycophants with no leadership quality a trend that continues sadly to the present. Cities or countries with high population densities can be considered overpopulated, which can be a problem if the infrastructure is underdeveloped. The assassination of Haiti's president, growing civil unrest, and . )arable land: 33.8% (2018 est. Also known as government debt or national debt, public debt refers to the sum of all government borrowings owed to lenders within the country. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2020 est. He handed off the presidency in February 2008 to his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. In 2021, Haiti had a GDP per capita of US$1,815, the . Posted on . The first half of Freedom's Mirror takes the reader up to Haitian independence and victory over Napoleon's forces in 1804. Cuban racists beliefs combined with economic concerns were a direct catalyst for this drastic Haitian exodus. Though there are these similarities, ultimately Saint Domingue (Haiti) succeeded in revolting (though not entirely, perhaps) did not finish their revolution and suffered many setbacks. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. - A Coastal pollution has hit Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico harder than other parts of the Caribbean. ), women married by age 15: 4.8%women married by age 18: 29.4%men married by age 18: 5.9% (2019 est. Continue with Recommended Cookies. )imports: 4,000 metric tons (2020 est. The higher the growth, the more dynamic society feels. )$134.8 billion (2016 est. While Haiti was struggling, Cubas economy boomed during the early 1900s when sugar and cotton were king and it grew sugar in abundance. ), improved: urban: 94.8% of populationrural: 87% of populationtotal: 93% of populationunimproved: urban: 5.2% of populationrural: 13% of populationtotal: 7% of population (2017 est. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. 23% in Germany are immigrants, children of immigrants. Many have arrived in recent years due to natural disasters in Haiti such as the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. ), household consumption: 57% (2017 est. Cuba: A development model that proved the doubters wrong The United States and Haiti have a bilateral agreement on investment guarantees that permits the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to offer programs in Haiti. In FY 2021, the US Coast Guard interdicted 838 Cuban nationals at sea. Archaeological evidence comes from sites in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Lesser Antilles. But the economic good time was not shared by most. The percentage of female residents, according to the city's official statistics. The United States is also a significant supplier of humanitarian goods to Cuba, including medicines and medical products . Currently, the worlds population is growing at a rate of approximately 1.07% per year. Only 3% of rural Cubans had running water; only 4% had meat to eat; health and education services were virtually non-existent. The price of annual per developer subscription starts from just $311 p.a. Due to the United States occupation of Haiti, many Haitians left to find work as laborers in neighboring countries like Cuba. Haiti compared to Cuba - MyLifeElsewhere The Haitian Revolution: Successful Revolt by an Enslaved People - ThoughtCo The DAC adopted ODA as the "gold standard" of foreign aid in 1969 and it remains the main source of financing for development aid . )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 255,536 tons (2015 est. The earliest evidence of people moving into the Caribbean islands dates to around 4000 BC. )industrial: 740 million cubic meters (2017 est. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Haiti will also provide emergency obstetric care in 108 health institutions constructing, rehabilitating or equipping facilities as necessary. According to the World Health Organization, there should be more than 2.3 health workers per 1,000 people in order to cover the primary healthcare needs. Unfortunately Haiti was in a tough spot after going through thirteen years of war and losing about half its population. )$2.546 billion (2016 est. This tactic is extremely effective and the rebellion is defeated by 1878. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 28,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. In absolute terms, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti have the largest diaspora communities: over a million emigrants each, with most living in the United States (World Bank, 2015). $2.63 billion (2017 est. )from consumed natural gas: 1.814 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )government consumption: 31.6% (2017 est. "Cubans raised funds in support of Washington's army, and soldiers from Cuba fought against the British in North America and the Caribbean," Ferrer writes of that period in Cuba: An American History (Scribner), her new, comprehensive history of Cuba's complex ties to the United States. Inspired in large part by the French Revolution, diverse groups in the colony of Saint-Domingue began fighting against French colonial power in 1791. Has public health care? Sources: Wikipedia, CIA World Factbook, 2023. Jose Marti led this war, and tried to keep it from becoming another race war, however, Spain is able to use propaganda to convince whites that this war is in fact another race war. )1 (2015 est. The standard value-added tax (VAT) rate. This metric reflects the overall quality of life. In 1902, Cuba became "independent", but, according to the . Essay on Compare And Contrast Cuba And Haiti Revolutions The range forms the northern boundary to the narrow Cul-de-Sac Plain, which is immediately adjacent to Port-au-Prince and includes the brackish Lake Saumtre on the Dominican border. how was the development of cuba and of haiti different Editor's note: Second of a three-part series. International News | Latest World News, Videos & Photos -ABC News - ABC Obesity is a public health problem and increases the risk of chronic diseases. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. Castro, for all of his faults, left a well-educated and proud populace. ), Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar -1 (2017 est. how was the development of cuba and of haiti different Help us by suggesting a value. This article offers a sociodemographic profile of Caribbean immigrants, who represent 10 percent of the U.S. foreign-born population and nearly half of all Black immigrants in the United States. Haiti had no significant world trading partners. This was the idea that the authority to govern comes from the people. )refined petroleum consumption: 164,100 bbl/day (2019 est. )spirits: 2.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. A long fault line crosses the southern peninsula and passes just south of Port-au-Prince. Politically if the rest of the world got vaccine far earlier than Cuba, it would be a huge blow to the government . Caribbean immigrants represent 10 percent of the 44.5 million immigrants in the United States, with the vast majority coming from just five countries: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago. Publicado em . . ), Spain 19%, China 15%, Italy 6%, Canada 5%, Russia 5%, United States 5%, Brazil 5% (2019), poultry meat, wheat, soybean products, corn, concentrated milk (2019), $11.35 billion (31 December 2017 est. Cuba's unique approach to the eradication of extreme poverty sets it apart from other Latin American and Caribbean countries, but the challenge now is how it evolves The total length of the border between the land area and the sea, including the countrys islands. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians continued to suffer discrimination. Rivers are numerous but short, and most are not navigable. The United States is Haiti's largest trading partner. In 1914, the Wilson administration sent U.S. Marines into Haiti. ), total: 42.1 yearsmale: 40.2 yearsfemale: 43.8 years (2020 est. )22.7 (2013 est. Last month, I spent a week in Cuba and saw a country buzzing with excitement, as people get ready to capitalize on economic opportunities that are looming on the horizon. Haitis former soccer federation president whose lifetime ban from the sport over sexual abuse allegations was overturned last month has announced he is reclaiming his position, Award-winning Haitian broadcaster Michle Montas, who was exiled three times and served as spokesperson for the former United Nations secretary-general, follows the chaos in her country every day from her apartment in New York, Canada says it will send navy vessels to Haiti for intelligence-gathering as part of efforts to quell worsening gang violence in the Caribbean nation, U.S. authorities have arrested four more people in the slaying of Haitian President Jovenel Mose, including the owner of a Miami-area security company that hired former soldiers from Colombia for the mission, In a story published February 9, 2023, about a new U.S. policy stalling adoptions in Haiti, The Associated Press quoted UNICEF in reporting that 1 million children are not going to school as a result of social unrest. air force epr rating scale brian steele bristol bateman skips def jam fight for ny blazin' moves list velocette factory records Estimates of the number of people killed ranged upward of 200,000, and several hundred thousand others were injured. Aid and development. Haiti was the first country to stoke the ire of the international community. Grand blancs and petit blancs on the island wanted France to include them in the decision-making process.var cid='9687976154';var pid='ca-pub-3243264408777652';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=1;var alS=1021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} The rituals involved in vodou strengthen community ties and help the oppressed Haitians deal with their suffering. Immediately following the earthquake, its graduates began e-mailing former classmates and recruited hundreds willing to serve in Haiti. ), number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 18annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 560,754 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 17.76 million (2018) mt-km, total: 64over 3,047 m: 72,438 to 3,047 m: 101,524 to 2,437 m: 16914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 27 (2021), total: 69914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 58 (2021), total: 8,367 km (2017)standard gauge: 8,195 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (124 km electrified)narrow gauge: 172 km (2017) 1.000-m gaugenote: As of 2013, 70 km of standard gauge and 12 km of narrow gauge track were not for public use, total: 60,000 km (2015)paved: 20,000 km (2001)unpaved: 40,000 km (2001), 240 km (2011) (almost all navigable inland waterways are near the mouths of rivers), total: 59by type: general cargo 12, oil tanker 7, other 40 (2021), major seaport(s): Antilla, Cienfuegos, Guantanamo, Havana, Matanzas, Mariel, Nuevitas Bay, Santiago de Cuba, Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR): Revolutionary Army (Ejercito Revolucionario, ER), Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria, MGR, includes Marine Corps), Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Forces (Defensas Anti-Aereas y Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria, DAAFAR); Paramilitary forces: Youth Labor Army (Ejercito Juvenil del Trabajo, EJT), Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia de Tropas de Territoriales, MTT), Civil Defense Force; Ministry of Interior: Border Guards, State Security, National Revolutionary Police (2022), 4.2% of GDP (2020 est. HAVANA, Cuba Haitians and Cubans have been allies for quite some time, and that bond remains to this day. )biomass and waste: 2.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 14.636 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Though oil was discovered in Cuba in the early 1900s, it wasn . They are two small countries with outsized influence, even if Haiti is considered by many to be a car crash pile up that evokes poverty voyeurism. In 1977, despite having no official diplomatic ties, the Caribbean Nations signed CubaHaiti Maritime Boundary Agreement setting the official maritime border in the Windward Passage. The third major range, known as the Matheux Mountains (Chane des Matheux) in west-central Haiti and the Trou dEau Mountains (Chane du Trou dEau) farther east, corresponds to the Sierra de Neiba in the Dominican Republic. )1 (2014 est. Compare And Contrast Cuba And Haiti Revolutions - 1694 Words | Studymode Over 3,000 doctors have been sent to Haiti since 1998 and have educated 550 Haitians at Latin American Medical School in Havana with 567 Haitians currently studying at ELAM as of 2010. The death rate, also called crude death rate, represents the number of annual deaths per 1,000 people at midyear. Compare Countries However, a revolution implies grand economic, political, and/or social change and the colonies' standing in all three of these spheres remained relatively the same after the war was over. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In 1999, he left the New York Times to launch the Haitian Times, a New York-based English-language publication serving the Haitian Diaspora. This page is currently only available in English. Milestones: 1914-1920 - Office of the Historian Within the gulf lies Gonve Island, which has an area of approximately 290 square miles (750 square km). The domain of the Arawakan-speaking Taino, who had displaced even earlier inhabitants, Cuba was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain in 1492. The independence was revolutionary because those who came to be in power were former slaves and free people of mixed race. Adopting Annual Resolution, Delegates in General Assembly Urge What Is SCBI and Why Is It Different? | Institute for Global Change ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,692,692 tons (2007 est. Various facts, figures, measures and indicators are listed allowing similarities and differences to quickly be examined. ppg dbc basecoat mixing ratio how was the development of cuba and of haiti different. 0 Comments; Uncategorized luffy's father revealed at marineford episode number . The database contains 1,400 time series indicators for 217 economies and more than 40 country groups, with data for many indicators going back more than 50 years. However, the Cubans fighting against Spain were not strongly in favor of abolition to keep the support of the western side of the island that survived economically on the labor of slaves. On the other hand, Cuba while gaining its independence, it failed to change socially, economically, or politically. The Organization of American States - Council on Foreign Relations Cuba lies some 50 miles (80 km) west of Haitis northern peninsula, across the Windward Passage, a strait connecting the Atlantic to the Caribbean. Earliest Migrations into the Caribbean: 4000-2000 BC. ), sugar cane, cassava, vegetables, plantains, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, milk, pumpkins, mangoes/guavas, rice, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar, 5.135 million (2021 est. The lower hills are covered with red clays and loams. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 48,500 bbl/day (2018 est. 02/12/2013. The two countries share warm relations, and Cuban doctors over the last 20 years have literally saved thousands of Haitian lives working in clinics in far-flung . Amid the lingering political and institutional crisis, high vulnerability to natural hazards, coupled with violent gangs vying to gain control over business districts, the economy contracted for three consecutive years by 1.7% in 2019, 3.3% in 2020, and 1.8% . Photo Credit: Garry Pierre-Perre. The revolutions that took place in the United States, France, Haiti, and Latin America were all influenced by one another. During that time, Haiti plunged into chaos and misrule. slaves taken to Saint-Domingue (today's Haiti), approximately 173,000 were captured from the Bight of Benin (the area cover-ing the coasts of Benin, Togo and Western Nigeria), and of these 173,000 about 43,000-57,000 were Yoruba.4 In Cuba, enslaved people of Yoruba origin constituted about 12 percent of total slave )$134.2 billion (2015 est. how was the development of cuba and of haiti different A Tale of Two Neighbors: Cuba and Haiti - The Haitian Times Haiti Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The presence and number of airports shows how good is connection of city with different international destinations and its international accessibility. Privacy policy, Unknown. This strayed from the ideals that the right to . Irregular Cuban maritime migration has dropped significantly since FY 2016, when migrant interdictions at sea topped 5,000, but land border crossings continue. In 1971, the inhabitants of Saint Domingue were discontent with how France was running the colony and issues started to boil over the edge. U.S. Relations With Haiti - United States Department of State David Geggus assures us that Toussaint had few other options, but this ultimately led to his defeat by Bonaparte and France. [8], Economic restraints amongst Haitians kept education informal and contained in their small communities, as such, very few of these Haitians had anything above a basic level of Creole literacy. )42.7% of GDP (2016 est. (male 835,005/female 1,010,276), total dependency ratio: 45.9youth dependency ratio: 23.1elderly dependency ratio: 22.9potential support ratio: 4.4 (2021 est. Similarly, black Haitians were stereotyped as being violent and rife with crime. The percentage of land dedicated to agricultural use, including arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pasture. During the Insurrection period in Saint Domingue from about 1791 to 1798 there were three different groups fighting against France; slaves, free people of mixed race, and whites. This, however, did not last long as both groups soon learned that France would repeatedly go back on the bargains it made with different groups. 14.3 years longer life expectancy at birth, 3.18x higher percentage of internet users, 19.5 years lower median age of female population, population with access to improved water sources. The rebels create their own provisional government and designed a strategy to attack the western part of the island, instead of fighting a limited war like the Ten Years War. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. - Haiti's proximity to a tectonic plate boundary helps explain the January 2010 earthquake. In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, Cuba was among the first responders sending medical teams seeing hundreds of thousands of patients, and performing over 70,000 surgeries. Haitis irregular coastline forms a long, slender peninsula in the south and a shorter one in the north, separated by the triangular-shaped Gulf of Gonve. ), production: 976.023 million cubic meters (2019 est. Also in FY 2021, 39,303 Cuban nationals presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US. An obese adult has a Body Mass Index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30. [2], In 1959, Cuba and Haiti broke diplomatic relations during the dictatorship of Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. From 1998 to 2010, Cuba performed over 207,000 Surgeries, restored eye sight to 45,000, 14.6 Million patient-doctor consultations, taught 100,000 how to read and helped in the birth of 100,000 children. The U.S. reaction was swift and President Kennedy imposed an embargo that is still in place, even though the Obama administration is taking measure to lift it piece by piece. Haiti and Cuba Comparison - Examine Similarities and Differences Corrections? Deforestation has caused much soil erosion, and as much as one-third of Haitis land may have eroded beyond recovery. Both islands were under colonial rule; Saint Domingue overseen by France and Cuba by Spain. Its tributaries flow eastward and southward through Haitis Central Plateau to a point near the Dominican border, where they join the river proper as it turns westward. The total length of the countrys railway network. )1.74% (2019 est. Cuba vs Haiti. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); In both of these nations, slaves fought against colonial rulers against France and Spain. ), conventional long form: Republic of Cubaconventional short form: Cubalocal long form: Republica de Cubalocal short form: Cubaetymology: name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island "coabana" meaning "great place", name: Havanageographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lightingetymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX, 15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence, Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959), history: several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019amendments: proposed by the National Assembly of Peoples Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended, civil law system based on Spanish civil code, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: unknown, chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019), and Jorge Luis PERDOMO DI-LELLA (since 20 April 2021)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assemblyelections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held NA)election results: 2019: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Councils of State and Ministers; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Councils of State and Ministers, description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (605 seats; (586 seats filled in 2021); members directly elected by absolute majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note 1 - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election; note 2 - in July 2019, the National Assembly passed a law which reduces the number of members from 605 to 474, effective with the 2023 general electionelections: last held on 11 March 2018 (next to be held in early 2023)election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed; composition (as of June 2021) - men 273, women 313, percent of women 53.4%, highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per yearsubordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts, Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez], ACP, ALBA, AOSIS, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515 through 8518FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cuhttp://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/en/usa, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Timothy ZUNIGA-BROWN (since 31 July 2020)embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havanamailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247email address and website: acshavana@state.govhttps://cu.usembassy.gov/, five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texasnote: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed, royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue, name: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDOnote: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed "La Bayamesa" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem, total World Heritage Sites: 9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagey (c), still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption, $137 billion (2017 est.

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