specific heat of benzene

[all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 Specific heat of benzenoid hydrocarbons, Several enzymes are involved. . [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 *** Very flammable. [all data], Staveley, Tupman, et al., 1955 The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. J. Chem. Ref. X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). Excess thermodynamic functions of the systems: benzene + p-xylene and benzene + p-dioxan, Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. Akad. The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Dokl. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. Atalla, S.R. Benzene is a liquid at standard conditions. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. [all data], Pacor, 1967 According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. Chem. Equation 1. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. J. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. Benzeneis present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes. Das Benzol." [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 Am. J. Class XII. Heat capacity, c p: 118.4 J/(mol K) at 0 C . Aust. J. Chem. ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., Eng. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. Chem. J. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . All rights reserved. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Policies. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. [all data], Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. Ahlberg, J.E. Pol. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. Conf. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. In 1870, the German chemist . ; Daniels, A.C., Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. Specific heat of liquids. It found that four contained benzene levels above World Health Organization limits. Step-by-Step Verified Solution Basis: 1 mol Feed This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 Roux, M.V. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. Thermochim. J. Chem. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Data table of specific heat capacity of liquids Please find below a table of common liquids and their specific heat capacity, aggregated from different sources. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. Standard Reference Data Act. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components. Ethyl alcohol likely exhibits more hydrogen bonding than water. Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Gatterman Reaction NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. PubChem Substance ID. Rabinovich, I.B. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., Have high density 4. Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Mean specific heat in homologous series of binary and ternary positive azeotropes, Duff, G.M. Anal. Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? Heat Stress Risk Assessment for Baseball and Softball Assignors . The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, Diffuse through otherliquids 6. The liquid product is 40.0 mole% B, and the vapor product is 68.4 mole% B. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. The heat capacity of the system benzene + diphenylmethane, [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 Monatsh. A mixture of 54.5 mol% benzene in chlorobenzene at its bubble point is fed continuously to the bottom plate of a column containing two equilibrium plates, with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. Chem. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) [1]24, 1935, 107-115. 2039504. Phosgene. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. arrow_forward Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. Claus, Adolph K.L. Chat now for more business. ; Simonov, V.M. Tanaka, R., ; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S. Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. 1. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. Technology, Office of Data Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. I. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Tschamler, H., Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 *** Very flammable. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, Bull. ; Smith, J.F. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 2282-2291. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. the Chem. Am. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Phys. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., J. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Grolier, J.-P.E. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. Sci. Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline. Specific Heat capacity is given as. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. ; Nikolaev, P.N., ; Tupman, W.I. Benzene is the name of an aromatichydrocarbon,C 6 H 6. The curve between the critical point and the triple point shows the benzene boiling point with changes in pressure. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Sufficient heat is supplied to the reboiler to give, V /F = 0.855, and the reflux ratio L/D in the top of the column is constant at 0.50. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. [all data], Wilhelm, Grolier, et al., 1977 Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. J. [85] This regulation is based on preventing benzene leukemogenesis. Report I. Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Naziev, Ya.M. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials. Charles Mansfield filed for (November 11, 1847) and received (May 1848) a patent (no. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. . ; Kohler, F., (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. Izv. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. [all data], Tschamler, 1948 Specific gravity: 0.87 Principal hazards *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The . [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Willams, J.W. Structure and properties . London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Chem. More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. Unsmoothed experimental datum given as 1.7915 kJ/kg*K.; T = 283.78 to 348.47 K. Cp = 1.3943 - 5.857x10-4T + 5.89x10-6T2 kJ/kg*K. Cp value calculated from equation. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C. Am. In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Smart Sensor: 10.0 eV Lamp, 100 ppm, Benzene specific 50 ppm (PID003L), with tube holder & box of 10 tubes This powerful hand-held instrument is capable of simultaneously monitoring up to 6 gases. Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. [citation needed]. Dejardin, G., ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. The pathway for the metabolism of benzene is complex and begins in the liver. Hence the specific heat of benzene = 1716.475 J/kg.C. ; Grigoriev, V.A. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. Explain how the vaporization of a liquid is affected by increasing the: a. [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces Vesely, F.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. Specific Heat Search. and robots that compete in the performance of specific operational tasks. III. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. Sci. Zaved. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. In the bone marrow, MPO converts these polyphenols to benzoquinones. In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., J. [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. Ber. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. Am. Williams, J.W. ; Smith, N.K., "VIII. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. Temperature. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Heats of combustion of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, and styrene, Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Heat capacity of liquid benzene and hexafluorobenzene at atmospheric pressure, [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Hydrogen chloride gas. ; Blanchard, E.R. In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. Soc. Department of Health and Human Services. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. ; Bashirov, M.M. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., J. Res. Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, . Benzene. cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). The molecular conformation is stabilized by NHO and NHN intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. Pol. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Deshpande, D.D. If the sample is heated at constant pressure (P = 1 atm), calculate the amount of energy in kJ needed to raise the temperature of the sample to 102.70 C. Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. von Reis, M.A., and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. Zhur., 1986, 51(5), 789-795. What is the formula for specific heat? CAS RN. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. J. Chem. phys. Tohoku Imp. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. J. Chem. The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure.

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